Season's greetings to all! Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year!

 

Interesting! The history of singing Christmas carols

Carols were first sung in Europe thousands of years ago, but thesewere not Christmas carols as we know them

These were pagan songs sung at winter solstice celebrations, as people danced around stone circles. The word carol comes from the old French word 'carole', which meant a popular circle dance accompanied by singing.

Carols used to be written and sung during all four of the seasons. There used to be May carols and harvest carols, but it is only the tradition of singing them at Christmas which has really survived.

The ancient Roman pagan festival of Saturnalia, which honoured the agricultural god Saturn, took placed near the winter solstice. Due to when this holiday occurred, Saturnalia celebrations are said to be the source of many of the traditions we now associate with Christmas, such as wreaths, candles, feasting and gift-giving.

It was only later that carols began to be sung in church and to be specifically associated with Christmas.

In the 9th and 10th centuries, Northern European monasteries developed the Christmas hymn into a sequence of rhymed stanzas. The Parisian monk Adam of Saint Victor began to derive music from popular songs in the12th century, which introduced something closer to the traditional Christmas carol.

Early Christianity turned the pagan solstice tradition into a celebration for Christmas and gave people Christian songs to sing. In 129, a Roman Bishop said that a song called Angel's Hymn should be sung at a Christmas service in Rome.

Soon after this composers all over Europe started to write 'Christmas carols' but not many people liked them as they were written and sung in Latin, which was a language that not everybody could understand. By the time of the Middles Ages, many people had lost interest in celebrating Christmas altogether.

In 1223, Assisi's nativity plays in Italy had people sing songs or 'canticles' that told the Christian nativity story. Sometimes the choruses of these new carols were in Latin, but normally they were in a regional language that the people watching could understand and join in.

The new carols spread to France, Spain, Germany and other European countries. These often took the form of a dance in a circle with linked hands and everybody singing the songs.

Christmas carols in English first appeared in a 1426 work of John Awdlay, a Shropshire chaplain, who lists twenty five 'caroles of Cristemas', probably sung by groups of 'wassailers', who went from house to house.

The word ‘wassail’ was a toast and comes from the Old Norse ‘ves heill’ meaning ‘be well and in goodhealth’. But by the Victorian period wassailers were carolling groups who went around the town and would be rewarded with a hot, spiced drink, known as ‘wassail’.

When Oliver Cromwell and the Puritans came to power in England in 1647, the celebration of Christmas and singing carols was banished as it was judged a pagan festival.

However, carols survived as people still sang them in secret. But carols remained mainly unsung until Victorian times, when Christmas became a holiday families could enjoy and music became a big part of the celebrations. It would become a tradition to sing carols after the Christmas meal.

It was during this time that two Cornishmen, William Sandys and Davis Gilbert began collecting old seasonal music from villages all round England. Gilbert published two small collections of carols and Sandys published the lyrics and tunes to over 100 carols.

This created a carol resurgence and many composers created new ones like Good King Wenceslas, with many of these still familiar to us today such as God Rest Ye Merry Gentlemen and We Three Kings of Orient.

The publication in 1871 of Christmas Carols, New and Old by Henry Ramsden Bramley and Sir John Stainer was another significant contribution to a revival of carols in Victorian Britain.

England’s oldest surviving carol is While Shepherds Watched Their Flocks By Night, which has a 16th-century tune and 17th-century words, but these were not put together until the 19th century. The oldest popular carol, where music and words were written at the same time, is likely to be O Come All Ye Faithful at the end of the 18th century.

Jingle Bells was originally named The One Horse Open Sleigh when it waswritten and composed by James Lord Pierpont in 1857. The song was not initially received well by listeners and took many years to become one of the most popular Christmas songs.

In Charles Dickens' 1854 short story The Seven Poor Travellers, he describes a group of musicians performing in a town one winter’s evening: “As I passed along the High Street, I heard the Waits at adistance, and struck off to find them. They were playing near one of the old gates of the City, at the corner ofa wonderfully quaint row of red-brick tenements.”

The first carol service is believed to have been held at Truro Cathedral, Cornwall, in 1880.It was organised by Edward White Benson, the First Bishop of Truro, who later became theArchbishop of Canterbury.

Today, carol singers will more likely be found in town squares, shopping centres and visiting hospitals andresidential care homes – and rather than waiting to be rewarded with a cup of wassail, modern carollers are more likely to ask for donations to charity.

Excerpt from the University of Plymouth

https://www.plymouth.ac.uk/discover/the-history-of-christmas-carols

Πολλές ερωτήσεις, πολλές απαντήσεις

του Μανόλη Μπουχαλάκη

Η δυνατότητα του μαθητή να υποβάλλει ερωτήσεις και να εκφράζει απορίες, είναι υγιές μέρος της μαθησιακής διαδικασίας. Λίγοι είναι αυτοί που αντιλαμβάνονται τα πάντα και μάλιστα γρήγορα. Ο κόσμος της γνώσης είναι μεγάλος και ανεξερεύνητος.

Φυσικά, ο διδάσκων δεν δύναται να τα ξέρει όλα. Ούτε την ίδια την αγγλική γλώσσα δεν δύναται κάποιος να την κατέχει στην πληρότητα της, αφού εμπλέκονται σε αυτήν άπασες οι επιστήμες με τη δική τους ξεχωριστή ορολογία.

Όμως, ο διδάσκων μπορεί και επιβάλλεται, ίσως, να έχει μια ευρύτητα γνώσεων και μια παρακαταθήκη πληροφοριών.

Στα επίπεδα από Β2 - Γ2, τα θέματα προσεγγίζουν αυτά της πραγματικής ζωής με σαφώς πολυπλοκότερες έννοιες σε σχέση με τα κατώτερα επίπεδα.

Υπάρχουν θέματα που άπτονται της ψυχολογίας, της κοινωνιολογίας, της Ιστορίας, των τεχνών, της αστρονομίας, της τεχνολογίας και άλλων πολλών επιστημών, αν και όχι ακόμη σε ακαδημαϊκό επίπεδο. 

Είθισται λοιπόν οι μαθητές να έχουν απορίες και μάλιστα πολλοί εξ αυτών να μην θυμούνται τι διδάχτηκαν στο σχολείο ή να μην επέλεξαν να ασχοληθούν με συγκεκριμένα θέματα στο πανεπιστήμιο ή στη ζωή τους.

Παρίσταται ανάγκη λοιπόν ο διδάσκων να έχει μια γενική αντίληψη επί μιας πλειάδας θεμάτων. Λόγου χάρη, να ξέρει τους πλανήτες του ηλιακού μας συστήματος, να ξέρει τι θα πει υπερκαινοφανής αστέρας (ή επί το γνωστότερο supernova), να έχει ακούσει για τα έτη φωτός και για τις μαύρες τρύπες. Με αυτά τα βασικά δεν γίνεται κάποιος αστρονόμος ή αστροφυσικός. 

Λογικό είναι επίσης να γνωρίζει κανείς τι θα πει φλεγμονή, λοίμωξη, λευκά αιμοσφαίρια, αιμοπετάλια, σακχαρώδης διαβήτης, αρτηριακή πίεση, χοληστερίνη ή έμφραγμα του μυοκαρδίου. Τούτα δεν αναβιβάζουν κάποιον στην τάξη των ιατρών, ούτε φυσικά θα κατηγορηθούμε για αντιποίηση επαγγέλματος! Όμως, πλείστα κείμενα στα επίπεδα άνω του Β2, εμπεριέχουν τέτοιους όρους. 

Η γενική γνώση των επαπειλούμενων ειδών στη φύση, είναι σημαντική. Το περιβάλλον αποτελεί εδώ και πολλά χρόνια, χάρη και στα environmental advocacy groups, αγαπημένο θέμα των coursebooks και των εξετάσεων. Η αποψίλωση των δασών, η παράνομη υλοτομία, η παράνομη αλιεία, οι εκπομπές καυσαερίων, το φαινόμενο του θερμοκηπίου και άλλα, απαντώνται συνεχώς και πολλοί μαθητές δεν έχουν ιδέα του τι σημαίνουν.

Ακόμη και στο χώρο της τεχνολογίας και των video games, ο καθηγητής κερδίζει το στοίχημα με την ορθή επεξήγηση του τι θα πει RAM, bandwidth, Artificial Intelligence, Multimedia, augmented reality, κλπ.

Σε ένα μεταβαλλόμενο κόσμο, ο ρόλος του διδάσκοντα δεν είναι απλώς να χτίζει σωστή γραμματική ή γενικό λεξιλόγιο, αλλά και να προσφέρει την παραπάνω γνώση που απαιτείται για να γίνει ο μαθητής σοφότερος και με ορθή σκέψη για το μέλλον του.